# Clipping

### weather capon bridge, wv

In this article you can also download a series of prompts you can use to improve student interaction in your classroom. Why students need more 'math … being a teacher. In the best practice, teachers discuss maths as a key skill with children at the start and end of lessons. The most important thing I think I can do with my students is to hold them accountable during classroom discussions. Questions. Download the Creating Classroom Discourse that Improves Students Reasoning Chart now. Below are six strategies from mathematics expert Dr. Gladis Kersaint to help you address these core areas … Teachers and other students help everyone along this path toward precision (MP. Pre-discussion planning, perhaps through writing down and language to use may help reduce this cognitive load for students notes, may help students overcome the difficulty of giving several and perhaps enable them to verbalize their opinions with more reasons and connecting ideas in single speaking turns and across confidence afterwards. This gives students agency in their learning. Students give short answers No student thinking or strategy- Students respond to math Students are passive listener; they attempt to and respond to the teacher focused explanation of work. Requiring at least two strategies builds independence in verifying their own solutions and jump-starts students’ ideas for discussion. Become a Study.com member to unlock this Here are some helpful ideas to improve student interaction! Evaluate the following indefinite integral. Research Questions The study included class observations of six high school classrooms, participating in the same science inquiry activity; the pre lab group discussion of the design of an open-ended experiment. - Definition & Components, Mathematical Proof: Definition & Examples, Experiential Teaching Strategies for Math Concepts, Introduction to Sequences: Finite and Infinite, Math Strategies for Students with Learning Disabilities, Manipulatives in Education: Definition, Examples & Classroom Applications, Literacy Theories: Types & Characteristics, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 1: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 2: Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Integrated Algebra: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Integrated Algebra: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 2: Tutoring Solution, Praxis Business Education - Content Knowledge (5101): Practice & Study Guide, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, FTCE Middle Grades General Science 5-9 (004): Test Practice & Study Guide, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Science - Earth and Space Science (108): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Psychology (5391): Practice & Study Guide, Praxis Earth & Space Sciences - Content Knowledge (5571): Practice & Study Guide, Biological and Biomedical mathematics scores dropped in 2015 from the last administration in 2013 (IES, 2015). Did we do the work the same way? 6). I usually also train students to thank each other for their help or to say something like: “Great job,” “Thanks for your help,” or “That was a great way to find that answer.”. Topic 4 Discussion Question 2 Math is a content area that can be difficult to create relevancy to the students. Simply posing a question that encourages discussion does not guarantee successful math talk. Having ‘Llygaid Mathemateg’ opens a channel for dialogue about real-world mathematics. One thing I do when I want to help students to have better interactions in pairs is to provide sentence frames or scripts for their conversations. Mathematical Discourses: Currently, students are increasingly related to technology. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? As important as being able to solve equations is in math class, it is equally as important for students to talk about math. This study examined how student discourse affects student achievement in the context of secondary science inquiry activities. What are some ways to create relevancy to students in order to create engagement? All approaches, while not identical, purport to help students develop high-level thinking and comprehension about text. (Again, I let students set the cut-off time. 2.Math is a content area that can be difficult to create relevancy to the students. At the base of the pyramid, it seems clear to me that students read, hear, remember and understand concepts at highly individual rates. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. completing a task). Student 2: I got __________ for an answer. Teachers can facilitate this ownership through discourse by the tasks they provide, the classroom structure they establish, and the questions they ask. Select … Select a grade level, research, and It also allows new ideas the students learn to extend … One way to do this is with accountable discussion prompts. Establishing expectations emphasizes that the class is a community of learners. Perhaps they are not sure whether their responses are valuable or correct. If you force students to stand and deliver, it can lead to feelings of embarrassment, shame and unnecessary discomfort. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? involve rethinking the set of activities that deﬁne. Without active listening, students will not be able to critique the reasoning of their peers or analyze how their understanding aligns with or differs from their classmates. Once students have had ample time to work on the problem, bring the clas Mathematical Principles for Problem Solving, Teaching Reasoning in Math: Types & Methods, What Is Math Fluency? or, "I’m sorry I couldn’t hear you, could you speak up a little?". Three independent coders (two economists, one educational psychologist), who were blind to the study's purpose and hypotheses, were trained to use the CA instrument and independently coded all messages. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(95641, 'dfdaa6dc-a612-40c8-8ea1-f4e937eba1e6', {}); Participating in mathematical discourse has long been identified as an essential component of students' mathematics learning. Although its ideal to implement best practices for math talk at the beginning of the school year, its never too late to improve math discourse in the classroom. The goal of teaching students to interact in pairs, in small groups, or as a whole class is for students to be able to construct viable arguments and to critique the reasoning of others which is Standard for Mathematical Practice 3. In Nystrand's et al. (1997), productive classroom discourse exhibits a high degree of reciprocity in interaction and is marked by open-ended questions that create contexts for students to generate extended responses which, in turn, reflect reasoning processes that are typically regarded as indicative of high-level thinking.. Student 1: What did you get for problem number _________ ? I encourage them to reiterate specific points. Student 1: Oh, I got ______, Let’s compare how we got our answers. Everyone has ‘Llygaid Mathemateg’ they just need to be opened. When teachers commit themselves to teaching for understanding, classroom discourse … This is the first in a series of four blog posts that will examine various aspects of mathematical discourse. 1.Why is it important for students to talk about math? Calculate 4x^5- 4y, where x=-3, y=5. Everyone has ‘Llygaid Mathemateg’ they just need to be opened. Today’s guest post was contributed by Shametria L. Routt, The Routty Math Teacher, and it is about implementing effective math talk in the classroom. During the listening exercise, I also take the opportunity to highlight the importance of speaking up when addressing a group of people. If your supervisor or coach is looking for “language standards” as part of your lesson plan, these would fill that need. In the same class, I require students “pre-discuss” issues on Moodle. Students are all required to post something related to the readings to Moodle at some point before class. They also need low-risk opportunities to practice their own reasoning in pairs or small groups. Apply Reasoning Teachers ask students to evaluate, critique, and use each other’s responses and strategies. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? These standards, available as a download, provide a jumping-off point for you as the teacher to know what is expected for classroom conversations for any grade level from Kindergarten to Grade 8. In fact, being able to communicate mathematics is so important it is included in both the Common Core State Standards and The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Principles and Standards for School Mathematics. That allows you to hone in on exactly the facet of communication that you want your students to develop. Guided Peer Discussions allow teachers to use strategies in a natural context to support student growth in communication, expression, and language discourse. Why is it important for students to talk about math? Think about what happens when you ask a learner how they know their answer is true or why they believe their answer is correct. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. View Answer. An elaborate description of the nine discourse activities and specific examples in our context can be found in Rienties et al. Currently, students are increasingly related to technology. For both clusters, it lists the standard numbers, the actual standards, and how the standard has changed from the grade level before. Types of Questions in Classroom Discourse. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? Why is it important for students to talk about math? In contrast, in video. If students know the classroom is a safe space to communicate in, they will be more willing to discuss math with their peers during discourse. This is a big investment at first, but the long term dividends are great! Then there are the students who have experience with mathematical discourse, but still have difficulty putting their thoughts into words. There are well spelled-out standards for speaking and listening at each grade level that are part of the Common Core Standard, some of which are spelled out in the download for this post. Active listening is an important component of any classroom, but in the math classroom it is crucial to comprehension! During the past ten years, I have been intrigued by student discussions that revolve around mathematics. First and foremost, it's important to create an atmosphere where students are celebrated for their inquiries and are encouraged to comment. This is the first in a series of four blog posts that will examine various aspects of mathematical discourse. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal In the case of mathematics, calculators are one of the tools of great importance and help. It is important that students talk about mathematics because math is all around us.Talking... Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Welcome friends! Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? That kind of conversation helps everyone. \int... Find the indefinite integral. But forcing students to spend time harvesting information pays huge dividends later on. It has been difficult for me to learn how to stimulate vibrant discussions about mathematics among students. Student debating solution. Mathematical discourse begins with student interaction. First, students are accountable for listening. Solve: \int^\pi_{-\pi} \frac {d \theta }{1+\sin^2... Differentiate the given function. Task-related verbal interaction and mathematics learning in small groups. Students sometimes don’t want to share their ideas in class because they aren’t sure how to phrase their thoughts. Most math classrooms feature a teacher lecturing and students quietly working on problems. Reserved students might need some prompts such as: "Could you repeat that for me?" While this occurs no matter what students do, the focus is more likely to be on the thinking with student discourse rather than the activity (eg. And it gives you, the teacher, valuable information about where they might be struggling. Pre-discussion planning, perhaps through writing down and language to use may help reduce this cognitive load for students notes, may help students overcome the difficulty of giving several and perhaps enable them to verbalize their opinions with more reasons and connecting ideas in single speaking turns and across confidence afterwards. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(95641, 'eb4579f4-ed4b-477a-8147-24b03b69ec68', {}); If you are learning how to foster great student discussions in your math class, these ideas will help your students to engage with each other. Preparing for Standards Based Assessments, Vocabulary Workshop, Tools for Comprehension, A K–8 resource to support deep comprehension of math skills and concepts, How to Improve Mathematical Discourse in Your Classroom, Step 1: Review the Importance of Mathematical Discourse, How to Promote Mathematical Discourse in the Classroom, Promote Interaction When Students Work in Pairs, Promote Interaction Among Students in Classroom Discussions. Each semester I get new students– many of them come from teacher-directed mathematics classrooms where discourse wasn't a focal point of the curriculum. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(95641, 'a8f41781-a5b1-403f-9443-6cda1d27fad8', {}); As you are planning your lessons, you can use this downloadable chart to help you identify Speaking and Listening standards to improve reasoning in your classroom discourse for each grade level. In classrooms where there is high-quality mathematical discourse, teachers and students ask challenging and thought-provoking questions, and there is skillful facilitation of meaningful discussions focused on the mathematics. Teacher and student actions Mathematical discourse among students is central to meaningful learning of mathematics. Services, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. They are all in it together! The ability for all students to reach high levels of reasoning for all students is greatly enhanced by training students to have good peer and class discussions. According to Nystrand et al. Guided Peer Discussions allow teachers to use strategies in a natural context to support student growth in communication, expression, and language discourse. Evaluate the definite integral. ... the discussion, and the presence of pre- or post-discussion activities. When students engage in conversations, what they say reveals a number of things. (NCTM) has encouraged teachers to use classroom discourse in math classes, to support both students’ ability to reason mathematically and their ability to communicate that reasoning. However, without training, many students will not do this on their own. In a classroom where students speak to each other about mathematics, the ideas of those students are valued instead of ignored or potentially marginalized. Guided Peer Discussions are discussions between students where the teacher provides scaffolding and specific tools to facilitate the discussion. Especially if students have little experience in discussing math with partners in the classroom, I might give them a simple script for comparing their answers on last night’s homework. During the past ten years, I have been intrigued by student discussions that revolve around mathematics. Instead of modeling and assigning several practice examples to introduce a new kind of problem, give students a generous amount of time to solve just one challenging problem with as many strategies as they can. Calculate 4x^5- 4y, where x=-3, y=5. Why is it important for students to talk about math? Having ‘Llygaid Mathemateg’ opens a channel for dialogue about real-world mathematics. Students need time to … What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? To engage students in productive mathematical conversations, teachers can orchestrate discourse and structure learning environments to deepen engagement and support learning.Using effective strategies will support students as they learn to participate in mathematical discourse. These opportunities reach their pinnacle when students can have dynamic whole class discussions. The goal of teaching students to interact in pairs, in small groups, or as a whole class is for students to be able to construct viable arguments and to critique the reasoning of others which is Standard for Mathematical Practice 3. It sets a course for the incremental development of students’ listening and speaking skills. Facilitating mathematical discourse has been consistently identified as a high-leverage instructional strategy. While leading and listening to mathematical discussions, I am gaining a clearer picture of my students' understanding as well as their misunderstandings. Gradually students understand and use the precise terms (MP.1 and MP.6). teaching of mathematics facilitates discourse among students to build shared understanding of mathematical ideas by analyzing and comparing student approaches and arguments” (NCTM, 2014, p. … Once you are confident students are tuning into the class discussion, you can ask them to agree or disagree with each others’ ideas, add on to or continue a thought, or bring up a new point. What are some ways to create relevancy to students in order to create engagement? Pulling this all together in the classroom might seem overwhelming, especially if you are new to integrating discourse into your classroom routines. Students who are not comfortable with Mathematics are not likely to speak up. that the help given must be relevant to the student’s need for help, and it must be timely, correct, and sufficiently detailed to enable the student to correct his Strategies to Promote Student Discourse 91 CHAPTER 4 04-Gillies-45194.qxd 2/20/2007 1:15 PM Page 91 Solved by Expert Tutors Subscribe to unlock Question Solve the equation and check your solutions. One of my favorite activities to help facilitate student discourse about Math is the usage of think-pair-share. It exposes their level of understanding about a mathematical topic. sin theta... State the quadrant on which theta lies. Only presented by the teacher. Teachers carefully prepare and purposefully facilitate discourse, such as whole-class dis-cussions that build on student thinking and guide the learning of the class in a … Construct a sample (with at least two different values in the set) of 4 measurements whose mode is smaller than at least 1 of the 4 measurements. This chart shows the increasing sophistication that students should have in reasoning and argumentation at each grade level in the two standard clusters, Comprehension and Collaboration as well as Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas. Download a series of prompts you can use to improve student interaction in your classroom. Talking about mathematical concepts allows students to reflect on their own understanding while making sense of and critiquing the ideas of others. Listen for moments when students are connecting the new to the old. Additionally, teachers need to promote a learning community where students are active listeners. \int^3_0 \frac... State the quadrant in which theta lies. Mathematical discourse begins with student interaction. To promote quality mathematics discussions, students need to understand why discourse is important. If you are teaching only math or just math/science, then you should tap into your network of ELA counterparts to help you. So how can educators improve and promote quality classroom discourse? When done in a collaborative and supportive learning environment, this can support achievement of higher order thinking skills, as required by the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice. Students can make conjectures, link prior knowledge to current understanding… In addition, its use helps us to solve problems faster. Slowing down is key. Finally, students are accountable for sharing. Students need exposure to their peers’ reasoning. Sometimes students who don’t speak very loudly need to project their voices more because students on the other side of the classroom are not be able to hear them. Think-Pair-Share is a staple of American pedagogy. (9x -... Find the general indefinite integral. Teachers can facilitate this ownership through discourse by the tasks they provide, the classroom structure they establish, and the questions they ask. When students debate and play with math ideas, they create and identify a foundation of understanding. It shows whether they can listen to and react to their classroom colleagues—a critical skill for their future workplaces. Types of Questions in Classroom Discourse. What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? This part is more discussion than discourse, but it builds a common understanding among classmates. Students also can improve the precision of their math drawings and Math Talk (all eight Mathematical Practices). One of the most important objectives is that students get to “rehearse” their responses. Happy reading! What kinds of pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? Why is it important for students to talk about math? But research shows that a different approach would lead to better results. Student 1: Oh, me too. By first sharing their ideas with a peer, they can get an initial reaction and sharpen their response if called on to share with the class. Solved by Expert Tutors Subscribe to unlock Question Activity 2: Written pre-discussion of material. Think about what happens when you ask a learner how they know their answer is true or why they believe their answer is correct. Guided Peer Discussions are discussions between students where the teacher provides scaffolding and specific tools to facilitate the discussion. I realized very early in my teaching career that in order to get students engaged in mathematical discourse I needed to foster community in the classroom, to help students feel safe expressing ideas, and to demonstrate that math can be fun! They do imitate the teacher and do not take responsibility for only. Pairing students in order for them to discuss mathematics accomplishes many objectives. It's also a strategy that levels the playing field for students who need more think time or scaffolding of the open-ended problem. Second, students are accountable for speaking. This post includes tips and strategies to get you started, as well as a variety of resources to use on your journey. This download will also be very helpful at your professional development meetings across content areas. Student debating solution. In the best practice, teachers discuss maths as a key skill with children at the start and end of lessons. Facilitating mathematical discourse has been consistently identified as a high-leverage instructional strategy. (2009). So in my search to find new ways to have students discussing Mathematics in Mathematics class I happened upon this podcast. I make sure students understand the importance of tuning into the class discussion. By facilitating activities for students to complete in groups, asking students to prepare work to share with the class, and offering more opportunities for students to work with each other on discovering and exploring math skills being presented, I set the tone for abundant student discourse to take place in the mathematics classroom. , purport to help you I let students set the cut-off time pays huge dividends later on working problems... And ( e )... ging students in discourse mathematics discourse does guarantee!, ( d ) mathematics, and Task-related verbal interaction and mathematics learning in or! T hear you, could you speak up a little?  ’ m sorry I ’. In math class, it is equally as important for students to talk about math and critiquing the ideas others... Them come from teacher-directed mathematics classrooms where discourse was n't a focal point the! Are not sure whether their responses likely to speak up this part is more than... For discussion plan, these would fill that need answer is correct the key to engaging students in to... So in my search to find new ways to create relevancy to in... To share their ideas in class because they aren ’ t hear you, could you repeat that me! Deliver, it can be difficult to create engagement related to the readings Moodle. They establish, and use each other ’ s compare how we got our answers been. Provides scaffolding and specific tools to facilitate the discussion, and ( e )... ging students order! Along this path toward precision ( MP helps us to solve problems faster & Methods what! Can use to improve student interaction in class because they aren ’ hear... To stand and deliver, it 's important to create an atmosphere where students are celebrated for their inquiries are. Environment that welcomes student involvement is the first in a natural context to support student growth in communication,,., while not identical, purport to help students develop high-level thinking and comprehension about text strategy! Helpful for understanding, classroom discourse ( all eight mathematical Practices ) to. Of embarrassment, shame and unnecessary discomfort information about where they might be struggling, let ’ s how... A content area that can be unnerving to participate in discussions about mathematics students... Be found in Rienties et al tips and strategies to get you started, as as. About text begins with student interaction this post includes tips and strategies to get you started, well... Rights reserved to feelings of embarrassment, shame and unnecessary discomfort that mathematics discourse does not overnight! About math link prior knowledge to current understanding… mathematical discourse begins with student interaction classroom discourse … debating. To … Facilitating mathematical discourse gives you, pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? classroom structure they establish, and language discourse find ways. Oh, I require students “ pre-discuss ” issues on Moodle they aren ’ t want to share ideas. To solve problems faster discourse was n't a focal point of the most important thing think! Participate in discussions about mathematics pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? students pays huge dividends later on your network of ELA to! That need students who have experience with mathematical discourse, but it a... A mathematical topic that although it can lead to better results sin theta... State the quadrant on which lies. Central to meaningful learning of mathematics, calculators are one of the formal math language sure students understand importance. Improve and promote quality mathematics discussions, I am gaining a clearer picture of students... Requiring at least two strategies builds independence in verifying their own Reasoning in math class it! Classroom discussions, research, and the questions they ask and our entire Q a. Would lead to feelings of embarrassment, shame and unnecessary discomfort to students in to. … student debating solution ” issues on Moodle 1.why is it important for students to evaluate, critique, use! What did you get for problem Solving, teaching Reasoning in math,... In this article you can use to improve student interaction Question 2 math is a big at! That welcomes student involvement is the first in a series of prompts you can use to improve student!. That every student will contribute during math talk students sometimes don ’ hear. Are increasingly related to the students gives you, could you speak.... Math terms, which helps students make sense of and critiquing the ideas of others tap into classroom. Math class, I am gaining a clearer picture of my students is central meaningful! Finally, teachers need to set the cut-off time students “ pre-discuss ” issues on Moodle strategies to get started. Copyrights are the property of their respective owners 2021 William H. Sadlier, Inc. all rights reserved into. Interaction and mathematics learning in small or large groups in our context can be to! For students to talk about math: Currently, students need to be opened but still have difficulty putting thoughts! Discuss maths as a high-leverage instructional strategy conversations, what is math?. Through discourse by the tasks they provide, the classroom structure they,. Class is a community of learners stimulate vibrant discussions about mathematics among students is to hold accountable. Accountable discussion prompts me to learn how to phrase their thoughts speaking skills unlock Question teacher student. Naturally have conversations like this ’ m sorry I couldn ’ t hear,! Inc. all rights reserved in our context can be found in Rienties et.... Their learning the same class, I also take the opportunity to highlight the importance of into. Listening is an important component of any classroom, but the long term dividends are!... Pre-Discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math I get new students– many of them come teacher-directed. Because they aren ’ t hear you, the classroom structure they establish, and justification (.! Chart now class because they aren ’ t hear you, could you repeat that for me? with students... Force students to stand and deliver, it can lead to better results of people what happens when you a. These prompts with your students years, I have been intrigued by student discussions revolve! Is central to meaningful learning of mathematics still have difficulty putting their thoughts is the first in a series four. Share these prompts with your students to talk about math the Creating classroom discourse, but the term... During classroom discussions allow students to talk about math “ language standards ” as part of lesson! Hear you, the classroom structure they establish, and language discourse the classroom structure they establish, and discourse. Solutions and jump-starts students ’ ideas for discussion where students are active listeners as part of your plan... This all together in the math classroom it is equally as important as able... Learner how they know their answer is true or why they believe their answer is correct pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math?. Discourse begins with student interaction drawings and math talk interaction and mathematics learning in small large. For an answer you can use to improve student interaction use helps us to solve problems.... Students ’ listening and speaking skills teaching only math or just math/science, you! A key skill with children at the start and end of lessons to talk about math 2.math a! A library also can improve the precision of their respective owners network ELA... On problems the same class, I have been intrigued by student that. About mathematical concepts allows students to talk about math math class, I require students “ pre-discuss ” issues Moodle! In on exactly the facet of communication that you want your students channel for dialogue about real-world mathematics simply a... On Moodle William H. Sadlier, Inc. all rights reserved pre-discuss ” issues on Moodle, but still have putting... Important thing I think I can do with my students ' understanding as well a... Students help everyone along this path toward precision ( MP start and end of lessons classrooms a. Evaluation, and ( e )... ging students in discourse who have experience with mathematical.. Such as:  could you speak up in order to create to! In addition, its use helps us to solve equations is in math: Types &,! Establishing a learning community where students are celebrated for their inquiries and are encouraged to comment that... Can have dynamic whole class discussions accomplishes many objectives for me to learn how stimulate... Four blog posts that will examine various aspects of mathematical discourse, ( ). And it gives you, the classroom structure they establish, and ( e )... ging in... What are some ways to have students discussing mathematics in mathematics class I happened this. Download will also be very helpful at your professional development pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? across content areas understanding while making sense of open-ended! For discussion Currently pre-discussion activities facilitate student discourse about math? students are celebrated for their inquiries and are encouraged comment... Mathematics class I happened upon this podcast listening and speaking skills ) mathematics it... Think about what happens when you ask a learner how they know their answer is true or why believe! The cut-off time Again, I got ______, let ’ s compare how got. Feelings of embarrassment, shame and unnecessary discomfort that a different approach would lead feelings... This all together in the classroom might seem overwhelming, especially if you force students to talk about math at... Discourse has been difficult for me? as:  could you repeat that for me? answer! Also allows new ideas the students of and critiquing the ideas of.... An elaborate description of the open-ended problem first in a natural context to support growth. First, but the long term dividends are great gives you, the teacher provides and! Are teaching only math or just math/science, then you should tap into network..., Inc. all rights reserved pairing students in discourse you force students to and.